# A heated bar held at its ends past yield

A steel bar 4 × 1 × 1 of 4 hex8 elements (E = 200000, ν = 0.3, σ_y = 250, H = 2000 isotropic,
α = 1.2·10⁻⁵ from 20 degrees) on symmetry planes at x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and held at x = 4 (its
axial strain is zero; the lateral faces are free), heated uniformly to 320 by a temperature load
in a nonlinear static step without nonlinear geometry. The mechanical strain is −α ΔT = −0.0036,
2.9 times the yield strain, so the bar yields in compression: σ = −(σ_y + E_t (α ΔT − σ_y/E)) =
−254.653 with E_t = E H/(E + H), and ε_p = (|σ| − σ_y)/H.